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Project Apollo, the American space program to land men on the moon, originated in 1960. On July 28-29, 1960, the Apollo program was announced to US industry representatives. On September 1, The Apollo Project Office was formed under the Space Task Group (STG) Flight Systems Division. In late October, Convair, GE and Martin were selected to prepare feasibility studies for the Apollo spacecraft. Numerous committees were formed within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to develop lunar mission concepts. On February 7, 1961, the final report of the Low Committee (Manned Lunar Landing Task Group) outlined "A Plan for Manned Lunar Landing" within the decade using either Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR) or direct ascent technique. On May 5, STG completed the first draft of Apollo spacecraft specifications, and on May 22, the 2nd draft was completed. On May 25, President Kennedy proposed a manned lunar landing within the decade to Congress. On June 10, the Lundin Committee recommended the Earth Orbit Rendezvous method using the conceptual Saturn C-3 (S-IB-2 4x F-1; S-II-C3 2x J-2; S-IV 6x RL-10) launch vehicle to accomplish the manned lunar landing mission. In August, the Heaton Committee (Ad Hoc Task Group for Study of Manned Lunar Landing by Rendezvous Techniques) recommended Earth Orbit Rendezvous using the conceptual Saturn C-4 (S-IB-4 4x F-1; S-II-4 4x J-2; S-IVB 1x J-2) for the manned lunar landing. |
Apollo Lunar Surface Journal • USGS: Mission Maps
NASA: Apollo • E. Astronautica: Apollo • Wiki.: Apollo LPI: Apollo Image Atlas • Apollo Over the Moon ApolloSaturn.com • NASM: Apollo 11 • Apollo Archive |
Key Apollo Documents OnlineThe Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, SP-4009 (1975), dates every step in the design, development, construction, and use of the Apollo lunar spacecraft, from ideas in 1923 to the final flight in 1974.Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft, SP-4205 (1979), covers the development of the Apollo Command, Service, and Lunar Modules from 1957 to July, 1969. .pdf version Key Apollo Source Documents 11 .pdfs Apollo By The Numbers: A Statistical Reference SP-4029 (2001) Where No Man Has Gone Before: ...Apollo Lunar Exploration SP-4214 (1989) .pdf version "Before This Decade is Out...": Personal Reflections on the Apollo Program SP-4223 (1999) Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous Concept, M'graph 4 (1995) Project Apollo: The Tough Decisions, Monograph 37, SP-4537 (2005), 174-page, 2 MB .pdf JSC Apollo Program Summary Report, JSC-09423 (1975) 10 .pdfs 4-6 MB each Apollo Expeditions... SP-350 (1975) What Made Apollo a Success? SP-287 (1970) An Annotated Bibliography of the Apollo Program | |||||||||||||||||
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On November 1, 1961, the Space Task Group was renamed as the Manned Spacecraft Center. On November 28, North American Aviation was selected as principal contractor for the Apollo spacecraft under MSC direction. In December, the configuration of the Saturn C-5 (Saturn-V) lanuch vehicle was determined. Boeing had been chosen as prime contractor for the first stage, and Douglas Aircraft as prime contractor for the third stage. The prime contractor for the 2nd stage was not announced until November 7, 1962: North Amerian Aviation (NAA). This choice was surprising, because NAA had already received the Apollo Command & Service Module contract, and because the Rocketdyne division of NAA was prime contractor for the F-1 and J-2 engines which would power all three stages of the Saturn V launch vehicle. America's first manned orbital flight was accomplished by John Glenn in the Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. |
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In March, 1962, the Apollo Spacecraft Project Office was relocated to the Manned Spacecraft Center near Houston, Texas, and on July 20, NASA announced that the Mission Control Center for Apollo would be located at the Manned Spacecraft Center.
On July 11, 1962 NASA announced that the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode would be used the manned lunar landing mission, and that the Saturn C-IB (Saturn IB) launch vehicle would be developed to test the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit missions.
The Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode for lunar landing missions had been first suggested within NASA and the US aerospace industry in 1960. At Langley Research Center early that year, Bill Michael, a member of the Center's Lunar Exploration Working Group, wrote an unpublished paper entitled Weight Advantages of Use of Parking Orbit for Lunar Soft Landing Mission. Later on the same morning that Michael presented his calculations to his supervisor, an industry group from Vought Astronautics briefed Langley personnel on their own internal Manned Lunar Landing and Return (MALLAR) study.
The Vought group, led by Thomas E. Dolan, explained the benefits of a "modular" spacecraft approach with a separate Lunar Landing Module—which required Lunar Orbit Rendezvous. With the concept in mind, Langley's John D. "Jaybird" Bird began designing lunar "bugs" or "schooners" that would land on the moon after descending from a "mother ship."
Dr. John C. Houbolt, assistant chief of the Dynamic Loads Division at Langley Research Center, was the leading expert on rendezvous in space. In early 1960, Houbolt realized the advantages of Lunar Orbit Rendezvous, and thereafter became its principle advocate.
But convincing others at NASA that LOR was the best way to go would take almost two and a half years. To begin with, most engineers felt that any scheme involving rendezvous was too complicated and risky; therefore they preferred "direct ascent" plans which would required at least a Saturn C-8 (with a 12 million pounds thrust 1st stage, 8 F-1 engines) or an even larger "Nova" class launch vehicle.
After President Kennedy made his "before this decade is out" speech, it gradually became obvious that the enormous rocket required to accomplish a direct ascent mission could not possibly be available in time. So the majority of engineers changed their preference to an Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR) plan. This would have used two or more launch vehicles (probably Saturn Vs). One would launch the spacecraft, and the other carry fuel which would be transferred to the craft in Earth orbit. Or the spacecraft and fuel might be launched in segments which would be joined together in Earth orbit.
Both direct ascent and EOR presented difficulties in spacecraft design:
1. For one vehicle to make the trip, land on the moon, return to Earth, and a portion of it reenter the Earth's atmosphere would have required a far larger spacecraft than the eventual Apollo CSM and LM combined. The fuel for the return to Earth, and the reentry capsule, would have to be carried to the lunar surface and back up to orbit. This much larger, heavier spacecraft would be far more difficult to land on the moon than a smaller, lighter one would be.
2. The shape of such a dual-purpose craft was troublesome. Pilots need to see where they are going. How could a single craft be designed which would allow the pilots to look down at the lunar surface, while allowing them to recline facing upward during ascent to Earth orbit and, later, while reentering the Earth's atmosphere? Solutions were suggested, but none were satisfactory.
Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and... Lunar Orbit Rendezvous..., Monograph 4 (1995)
For these reasons, by late 1961, engineers at the Manned Spacecraft Center had begun to support Lunar Orbit Rendezvous. And by the spring of 1962 some key officials at NASA Headquarters in Washington were also sold on LOR. However, unanimity was desired, and the Saturn launch vehicle design engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, led by Wernher von Braun, still preferred Earth Orbit Rendezvous.
In mid May, Joseph F. Shea, Deputy Director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, informed Von Braun that it was likely that LOR was going to be selected. This would likely result in less work for Von Braun's Marshall Space Flight Center, but, according to Shea, Von Braun was assured that efforts would be made to give MSFC more work. The turning point came on June 7, 1962, when, after 6 hours of MSFC engineers presenting their case for EOR to Shea, Von Braun surprised his own "rocket team" by declaring that they now preferred Lunar Orbit Rendezvous.
Von Braun said:
"...It is absolutely mandatory that we arrive at a definite mode decision within the next few weeks, preferably by the first of July, 1962... If we do not make a clear-cut decision on the mode very soon, our chances of accomplishing the first lunar landing expedition in this decade will fade away rapidly...
"We believe [Lunar Orbit Rendezvous] offers the highest confidence factor of successful accomplishment within this decade... We agree with the Manned Spacecraft Center that the designs of a maneuverable hyperbolic re-entry vehicle and of a lunar landing vehicle constitute the two most critical tasks in producing a successful lunar spacecraft. A drastic separation of these two functions is bound to greatly simplify the development of the spacecraft system."
Remarks by Wernher von Braun about Mode Selection for the Lunar Landing Program, 7 June 1962
On July 11, 1962 NASA announced that the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode would be used the manned lunar landing mission, and that the Saturn C-IB (Saturn IB) launch vehicle would be developed to test the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit missions.
The Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode for lunar landing missions had been first suggested within NASA and the US aerospace industry in 1960. At Langley Research Center early that year, Bill Michael, a member of the Center's Lunar Exploration Working Group, wrote an unpublished paper entitled Weight Advantages of Use of Parking Orbit for Lunar Soft Landing Mission. Later on the same morning that Michael presented his calculations to his supervisor, an industry group from Vought Astronautics briefed Langley personnel on their own internal Manned Lunar Landing and Return (MALLAR) study.
The Vought group, led by Thomas E. Dolan, explained the benefits of a "modular" spacecraft approach with a separate Lunar Landing Module—which required Lunar Orbit Rendezvous. With the concept in mind, Langley's John D. "Jaybird" Bird began designing lunar "bugs" or "schooners" that would land on the moon after descending from a "mother ship."
Dr. John C. Houbolt, assistant chief of the Dynamic Loads Division at Langley Research Center, was the leading expert on rendezvous in space. In early 1960, Houbolt realized the advantages of Lunar Orbit Rendezvous, and thereafter became its principle advocate.
But convincing others at NASA that LOR was the best way to go would take almost two and a half years. To begin with, most engineers felt that any scheme involving rendezvous was too complicated and risky; therefore they preferred "direct ascent" plans which would required at least a Saturn C-8 (with a 12 million pounds thrust 1st stage, 8 F-1 engines) or an even larger "Nova" class launch vehicle.
After President Kennedy made his "before this decade is out" speech, it gradually became obvious that the enormous rocket required to accomplish a direct ascent mission could not possibly be available in time. So the majority of engineers changed their preference to an Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR) plan. This would have used two or more launch vehicles (probably Saturn Vs). One would launch the spacecraft, and the other carry fuel which would be transferred to the craft in Earth orbit. Or the spacecraft and fuel might be launched in segments which would be joined together in Earth orbit.
Both direct ascent and EOR presented difficulties in spacecraft design:
1. For one vehicle to make the trip, land on the moon, return to Earth, and a portion of it reenter the Earth's atmosphere would have required a far larger spacecraft than the eventual Apollo CSM and LM combined. The fuel for the return to Earth, and the reentry capsule, would have to be carried to the lunar surface and back up to orbit. This much larger, heavier spacecraft would be far more difficult to land on the moon than a smaller, lighter one would be.
2. The shape of such a dual-purpose craft was troublesome. Pilots need to see where they are going. How could a single craft be designed which would allow the pilots to look down at the lunar surface, while allowing them to recline facing upward during ascent to Earth orbit and, later, while reentering the Earth's atmosphere? Solutions were suggested, but none were satisfactory.
Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and... Lunar Orbit Rendezvous..., Monograph 4 (1995)
For these reasons, by late 1961, engineers at the Manned Spacecraft Center had begun to support Lunar Orbit Rendezvous. And by the spring of 1962 some key officials at NASA Headquarters in Washington were also sold on LOR. However, unanimity was desired, and the Saturn launch vehicle design engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, led by Wernher von Braun, still preferred Earth Orbit Rendezvous.
In mid May, Joseph F. Shea, Deputy Director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, informed Von Braun that it was likely that LOR was going to be selected. This would likely result in less work for Von Braun's Marshall Space Flight Center, but, according to Shea, Von Braun was assured that efforts would be made to give MSFC more work. The turning point came on June 7, 1962, when, after 6 hours of MSFC engineers presenting their case for EOR to Shea, Von Braun surprised his own "rocket team" by declaring that they now preferred Lunar Orbit Rendezvous.
Von Braun said:
"...It is absolutely mandatory that we arrive at a definite mode decision within the next few weeks, preferably by the first of July, 1962... If we do not make a clear-cut decision on the mode very soon, our chances of accomplishing the first lunar landing expedition in this decade will fade away rapidly...
"We believe [Lunar Orbit Rendezvous] offers the highest confidence factor of successful accomplishment within this decade... We agree with the Manned Spacecraft Center that the designs of a maneuverable hyperbolic re-entry vehicle and of a lunar landing vehicle constitute the two most critical tasks in producing a successful lunar spacecraft. A drastic separation of these two functions is bound to greatly simplify the development of the spacecraft system."
Remarks by Wernher von Braun about Mode Selection for the Lunar Landing Program, 7 June 1962
Project Apollo Spaceflights table adapted from Wikipedia and substantially improved
| Flight | Launch Vehicle & Spacecraft |
Crew | Dates | Mission | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AS-201 Wikipedia |
Saturn IB AS-201 NASA documents: Aeroelastic Character. RF & Telemetry Systems Flight Safety Plan Postflight Trajectory CSM-009 NASA documents: Weight & Balance Propulsion Performance |
Unmanned |
Launch 1966 02 26 |
Suborbital CSM flight NASA documents: AS-201 Mission Directive 1965 AS-201 Mission Directive 1964 AS-201 Automated Control System |
First test of Saturn IB and Block I Apollo Command and Service
Modules; demonstrated heat shield; propellant pressure loss caused
premature SM engine shutdown NASA documents: AS-201 Postlaunch Report 443 page, 471 MB .pdf NTRS search: AS-201 - SA-201 - CSM-009 |
| AS-203 Wikipedia |
Saturn IB AS-203 NASA documents: S-IVB Test Plan Aeroelastic Character. Operational Trajectory Postflight Trajectory (no spacecraft) |
Unmanned |
Launch 1966 07 05 |
Test liquid hydrogen behavior in Earth orbit NASA documents: AS-203 Cryo Tank Modeling AS-203 Control System Info |
No Apollo spacecraft carried; successfully verified restartable
S-IVB stage design for Saturn V. Additional testing designed to rupture
the tank inadvertently destroyed the stage. NASA documents: AS-203 Low Gravity LH2 Orbital Experiment NASA videos at YouTube: AS-203 Launch |
| AS-202 Wikipedia |
Saturn IB AS-202 NASA documents: Operational Trajectory Postflight Trajectory CSM-011 NASA documents: Weight & Balance Propulsion Performance Reentry Aerodynamics |
Unmanned |
Launch 1966 08 25 |
Suborbital CSM flight NASA documents: AS-202 Mission Directive MIT G&N System Data MPAD Reentry G&N Equations |
Longer duration to Pacific Ocean splashdown; CM heat shield tested to higher speed; successful SM firings NASA documents: AS-202 Postlaunch Report 574 pages, 21 MB NTRS search: AS-202 - CSM-011 |
| Apollo 1 Wikipedia |
Saturn IB AS-204 CSM-012 NASA documents: Readiness Review Delta CDR Requests for Changes |
CMD Grissom CMP White LMP Chaffee  |
Block I CSM Earth orbital flight (up to 14 days) |
Cabin fire broke out in pure oxygen atmosphere during launch
rehearsal test on 27 January 1967, killing all three crewmen and
destroying the CM before planned February 21 launch. NASA documents: photo of CSM-012 interior after fire |
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| Apollo 4 Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-501 NASA documents: AS-501 Flight Report Postflight Trajectory J-2 Engine Performance CSM-017 NASA documents: Readiness Review Entry Aerodynamics |
Unmanned |
Launch 1967 11 09 |
First flight of Saturn V launch vehicle, and first orbital CSM flight | Successfully demonstrated S-IVB third stage restart and tested CM heat shield at lunar re-entry speeds NASA documents: Apollo 4 Mission Report - Sup 7 Analysis of AS-501 Earth Photography NTRS search: Apollo 4 - AS-501 NASA videos at YouTube: AS-501 Pre-Launch Activity: part 1 - part 2 Apollo 4 Mission Video: part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 5 Wikipedia |
Saturn IB AS-204 NASA documents: Results of AS-204 LM-1 NASA documents: LM DPS Analysis |
Unmanned |
Launch 1968 01 22 |
First Lunar Module flight in Earth orbit NASA documents: MPAD Apollo 5 Mission Rules Verif. |
Successfully fired descent engine and ascent engine; demonstrated
"fire-in-the-hole" landing abort test. Used the Saturn IB originally
slated for Apollo 1. NASA documents: Apollo 5 Mission Report - Sup 2 - Sup 3 - Sup 4 Apollo 5 MPAD Postflight Trajectory Analysis Apollo 5 Final Flight Evaluation NTRS search: Apollo 5 - AS-204 NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 5 Mission Video: part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 6 Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-502 NASA documents: AS-502 Flight Report Postflight Trajectory J-2 Engine S-II - S-IVB CM-020 NASA documents: Consumables Analysis SM-014 |
Unmanned |
Launch 1968 04 04 |
CSM test: trans-lunar injection with direct abort to high-speed re-entry NASA documents: MPAD Flight Rules Verification |
Severe "pogo" vibrations caused two second-stage engines to shut
down prematurely, and third stage restart to fail. SM engine used to
achieved high-speed re-entry, though less than Apollo 4. NASA identified
vibration fixes and declared Saturn V man-rated. NASA documents: Analysis of AS-501 Earth Photography NTRS search: AS-502 - Apollo 6 - CSM-020 NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 6: S-II-502 First Static Test - S-IC Preparation |
| Apollo 7 NASA pages: Apollo Flight Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn IB AS-205 NASA documents: Results of AS-205 CSM-101 NASA documents: CSM-101 Systems |
CMD Schirra CMP Eisele LMP Cunningham  |
Launch 1968 10 11 |
Block II CSM Earth orbital test NASA documents: Apollo 7 Press Kit Apollo 7 Flight Plan Apollo 7 Crew Training Summary Apollo 7 Rendezvous Procedures |
Successful 11-day flight. First live television broadcast from a US space flight NASA documents: Apollo 7 Mission Report NTRS search: AS-205 - Apollo 7 - CSM-101 NASA pages: Apollo 7 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Mission Video: Flight of Apollo 7 |
| Apollo 8 NASA pages: Apollo Flight Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-503 NASA documents: AS-503 Flight Manual AS-503 Flight Report CSM-103 Good engineering data on the entire vehicle: Apollo/Saturn V Space Vehicle Selected Structural Element Review Report |
CMD Borman CMP Lovell LMP Anders  |
Launch 1968 12 21 |
Lunar orbit (CSM only) NASA documents: Apollo 8 News Briefing 1968 11 12 Apollo 8 Press Kit Apollo 8 Crew Training Summary Apollo 8 Mission Rules Apollo 8 Flight Plan: 1&2 - 3-5 |
First manned lunar flight, improvised because LM was not ready for
first manned orbital test. Ten lunar orbits in twenty hours; first
humans to see lunar far side and Earthrise with own eyes; Live television pictures broadcast to Earth NASA documents: Apollo 8 Mission Report - S-1 - S-2 - S-4 "Apollo 8: Man Around the Moon" Apollo 8 Technical Crew Debriefing: V-1 - V-2 Apollo 8 Flight Evaluation NTRS search: AS-503 - Apollo 8 - CSM-103 NASA pages: Apollo 8 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Mission Video: Debrief: Apollo 8 part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 9 NASA documents: Apollo Flight Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-504 CSM-104 Gumdrop NASA documents: CSM-104 Systems LM-3 Spider |
CMD McDivitt CMP Scott LMP Schweickart  |
Launch 1969 03 03 |
Earth orbit CSM / LM test NASA documents: Apollo 9 Crew Training Summary Apollo 9 Mission Rules Apollo 9 Flight Plan |
Ten days in Earth orbit, demonstrated LM propulsion, rendezvous and
docking with CSM. EVA tested lunar Portable Life Support System (PLSS). NTRS search: AS-504 - Apollo 9 - CSM-104 NASA pages: Apollo 9 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 9 Video: Three To Make Ready part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 10 NASA pages: Apollo Flight Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-505 NASA documents: Tech Info Summary AS-505 Flight Report Postflight Trajectory S-4B-505N Report CSM-106 Charlie Brown LM-4 Snoopy NASA documents: Consumables Analysis |
CMD Stafford CMP Young LMP Cernan  |
Launch 1969 05 18 |
"Dress rehearsal" for lunar landing NASA documents: Apollo 10 Press Kit Apollo 10 Preflight Managers Info Apollo 10 Crew Training Summary Apollo 10 Mission Rules Apollo 10 Color TV |
LM descended to 8.4 nautical miles (15.6 km) without landing NASA documents: Apollo 10 Postflight Mgrs Summary Apollo 10 Technical Crew Debriefing Apollo 10 Mission Report - S-2 - S-7 - S-11 NTRS search: AS-505 - Apollo 10 - CSM-106 NASA pages: Apollo 10 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 10 Video: To Sort Out the Unknowns part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 11 NASA pages: Lunar Surface Journal Apollo Flight Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-506 NASA documents: AS-506 Flight Report Postflight Trajectory CSM-107 Columbia LM-5 Eagle NASA documents: LM-5 Structures LM-5 Factory Test Plan LM-5 Construction Log |
CMD Armstrong CMP Collins LMP Aldrin  |
Launch 1969 07 16 |
First lunar landing site: Sea of Tranquility NASA documents: Apollo 11 Press Kit pt 1 - pt 2 Preflight Managers Info pt 1 - pt 2 Apollo 11 Flight Plan Apollo 11 Crew Training Summary Apollo 11 Mission Rules Annotated Crew Training Summary Apollo 11 Mission Rules Lunar Surface Procedures Apollo 11 EASEP Background Westinghouse Lunar Camera Apollo 11 CM/LM Stowage List |
Single EVA in direct vicinity of LM. Navigation errors and computer alarms overcome NASA documents: Apollo 11 Postflight Managers Summary Apollo 11 Technical Crew Debriefing: V-1 - V-2 Apollo 11 Sample Catalog Apollo 11 Preliminary Science Report Apollo 11 Mission Report - S-5 - S-10 Apollo 11 Entry Postflight Analysis NTRS search: AS-506 - Apollo 11 - CSM-107 NASA pages: Apollo 11 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 11 Video: For All Mankind part 1 - part 2 - part 3 |
| Apollo 12 NASA pages: Lunar Surface Journal Apollo Flight Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-507 NASA documents: AS-507 Flight Manual Launch Checklist Preflight Trajectory AS-507 Flight Report Postflight Trajectory Abort/Malfunction Analysis Lightning Incident CSM-108 Yankee Clipper NASA documents: CSM-108 SPS Evaluation LM-6 Intrepid NASA documents: LM-6 Factory Test Plan |
CMD Conrad CMP Gordon LMP Bean  |
Launch 1969 11 14 |
Precision lunar landing site: Ocean of Storms NASA documents: Apollo 12 Press Kit Apollo 12 Flight Plan Preflight Managers Info pt 1 - pt 2 Apollo 12 Crew Training Summary Apollo 12 Mission Rules Apollo 12 CMP Solo Book Apollo 12 CSM Rescue Book Apollo 12 LM Timeline Book Apollo 12 LM Data Card Book Apollo 12 LM G&N Dictionary LM Rendezvous Abort Book Lunar Surface Checklist Commander Cuff Checklist Lunar Landmark Maps Apollo 12 CM/LM Stowage List |
Successful landing near Surveyor 3
probe; two EVAs; returned Surveyor parts to Earth; first controlled LM
ascent stage impact after jettison; first use of deployable S-band
antenna; two lightning strikes after liftoff with brief loss of fuel
cells and telemetry; lunar TV camera damaged by accidental exposure to
sun. NASA documents: Apollo 12 Mission Report S-2 - S-4 - S-5 Apollo 12 Postflight Managers Summary Apollo 12 Technical Crew Debriefing Apollo 12 Lunar Sample Catalog Apollo 12 Lunar Sample Info Properties of Lunar Samples Apollo 12 Magnetometer Apollo 12 Bio Containment Surveyor 3 TV Cable - Scoop - Analysis - Effects Apollo 12 Preliminary Science Report NTRS search: AS-507 - Apollo 12 - CSM-108 NASA pages: Apollo 12 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 12 Video: Pinpoint for Science part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 13 NASA pages: Lunar Surface Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-508 NASA documents: AS-508 Flight Report CSM-109 Odyssey LM-7 Aquarius |
CMD Lovell CMP Swigert LMP Haise  |
Launch 1970 04 11 |
Lunar landing (aborted) NASA documents: Apollo 13 Press Kit Apollo 13 Crew Training Summary Apollo 13 Mission Rules Apollo 13 CM/LM Stowage List Apollo 13 ALSEP (readable) Apollo 13 ALSEP (searchable) Apollo 13 TV |
Landing aborted after SM oxygen tank explosion on outward leg; LM
used as crew "lifeboat" for safe return. First S-IVB stage impact on
Moon as active seismic test. NASA documents: Apollo 13 Crew Technical Debriefing Apollo 13 Misson Report Apollo 13 Mission Operations Report NTRS search: AS-508 - Apollo 13 - CSM-109 NASA pages: Apollo 13 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 13 Videos: Houston, We've Got a Problem part 1 - part 2 This is Mission Control part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 14 NASA pages: Lunar Surface Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-509 NASA documents: AS-509 Flight Report Postflight Trajectory CSM-110 Kitty Hawk LM-8 Antares NASA documents: LM Descent DPS Performance |
CMD Shepard CMP Roosa LMP Mitchell  |
Launch 1971 01 31 |
Lunar landing site: Fra Mauro NASA documents: Apollo 14 Press Kit Apollo 14 Crew Training Summary Apollo 14 Mission Rules Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Checklist Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Procedures Modular Equip. Transporter Manual |
Successful landing at site intended for Apollo 13; mission overcame
docking problems, faulty LM abort switch and delayed landing radar
acquisition; first color video images from the lunar surface; first
materials science experiments in space; two EVAs NASA documents: Apollo 14 Mission Report Apollo 14 Preliminary Science Report Apollo 14 Crew Technical Debriefing Apollo 14 PLSS/OPS Report Apollo 14 EMU Mission Log Apollo 14 Lunar Sample Catalog Apollo 14 GNC Performance NTRS search: AS-509 - Apollo 14 - CSM-110 NASA pages: Apollo 14 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 14 Video: Mission to Fra Mauro part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 15 NASA pages: Lunar Surface Journal Apollo Flight Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-510 NASA documents: AS-510 Flight Report Insertion-Injection Postflight Trajectory CSM-112 Endeavour NASA documents: Launch Checklist Guidance Checklist Systems Checklist CM Software Entry Checklist LM-10 Falcon NASA documents: LM-10+ Diagrams Activation Checklist LM Descent LM Cue Cards LM Data Cards LRV-001 NASA documents: LRV Stowage Systems Handbook Operations Handbook Mobility Performance |
CMD Scott CMP Worden LMP Irwin  |
Launch 1971 07 26 |
Extended lunar landing site: Hadley-Apennine NASA documents: Apollo 15 Press Kit Apollo 15 Flight Plan Apollo 15 Crew Training Summary Apollo 15 Mission Rules MCC Operational Configuration Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Procedures |
First "J series" mission with 3-day lunar stay and extensive geology
investigations; first use of lunar rover (17.25 miles (27.8 km)
driven); 1 lunar "standup" EVA, 3 lunar surface EVAs, plus deep space
EVA on return to retrieve orbital camera film from SM. NASA documents: Apollo 15 Mission Report Mission Operations Report - S-1 - S-2 - S-3 - S-4 Apollo 15 Technical Crew Debriefing Apollo 15 Systems Debriefing "On the Moon With Apollo 15" Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report Apollo 15 Lunar Sample Catalog pt 1 - pt 2 - pt 3 Landing Site Geology Transcript Apollo 15 KREEP Volcanic Flows Apollo 15 Mare Basalt Fragment Apollo 15 Coarse Fine Lunar Samples Hadley Apennine Exploration Traverses CEMERLL Laser Reflector Array Apollo 15 Time & Motion Study Preliminary Orbital Science Results Subsatellite Magnetometer Experiment Apollo 15 Failure & Anomaly List Main Parachute Failure Apollo 15 Loss of CM TV Picture NTRS search: AS-510 - Apollo 15 - CSM-112 NASA pages: Apollo 15 Voice Transcripts NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 15 Video: In the Mountains of the Moon part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 16 NASA pages: Lunar Surface Journal Apollo Flight Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-511 NASA documents: AS-511 Flight Report CSM-113 Casper LM-11 Orion NASA documents: LM Timeline Book LM Data Card Book NASA pages: Surface Checklist LRV-002 |
CMD Young CMP Mattingly LMP Duke  |
Launch 1972 04 16 |
Extended lunar landing site: Descartes Highlands NASA documents: Apollo 16 Press Kit Apollo 16 Flight Plan Apollo 16 Crew Training Summary Apollo 16 Mission Rules Apollo 16 LM/CM Stowage Apollo 16 ALSEP Fam. Man. NASA pages: Apollo 16 Lunar Surface Procedures Apollo 16 Cuff Checklists |
Only landing in lunar highlands; malfunction in a backup CSM yaw
gimbal servo loop delayed landing and reduced stay in lunar orbit; no
ascent stage deorbit due to malfunction; 3 lunar EVAs plus deep space
EVA Apollo 16 Mission Report Apollo 16 Preliminary Science Report Technical Crew Debriefing Apollo 16 Lunar Sample Catalog: pt 1 - pt 2 - pt 3 Apollo 16 Time and Motion Studies NTRS search: AS-511 - Apollo 16 - CSM-113 NASA pages: Apollo 16 Voice Transcripts "On the Moon With Apollo 16" USGS: Apollo 16 Landing Site Geology Apollo 16 Postflight Spacesuit Inspection NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 16 Video: Nothing so Hidden part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 17 NASA pages: Lunar Surface Journal Wikipedia |
Saturn V AS-512 NASA documents: AS-512 Flight Report CSM-114 America LM-12 Challenger NASA documents: LM Data Card Book LRV-003 NASA documents: Tech Info Summary Systems Handbook |
CMD Cernan CMP Evans LMP Schmitt  |
Launch 1972 12 07 |
Extended lunar landing site: Taurus-Littrow NASA documents: Apollo 17 Press Kit Apollo 17 Flight Plan Apollo 17 Mission Requirements Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Procedures Apollo 17 Mission Rules Apollo 17 ALSEP Fam. Apollo 17 Crew Training Summary NASA pages: Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Checklist Apollo 17 Surface Cuff Checklists Apollo 17 PLSS/OPS/BSLSS Briefing |
Last Apollo lunar landing; most recent human flight beyond low Earth
orbit (as of 2011); only lunar mission with a scientist (geologist); 3
lunar EVAs plus deep space EVA NASA documents: Apollo 17 Mission Report Apollo 17 Technical Crew Debriefing Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report Lunar Sample Catalog: pt 1 - pt 2 - pt 3 - pt 4 NTRS search: AS-512 - Apollo 17 - CSM-114 NASA pages: Apollo 17 Voice Transcripts USGS: Apollo 17 Landing Site Geology Apollo 17 Traverse Gravimeter Experiment (TGE) Apollo 17 Image Library NASA videos at YouTube: Apollo 17 Video: On the Shoulders of Giants part 1 - part 2 |
| Apollo 18, 19 & 20 Wikipedia |
Saturn V | None flew | Cancelled | Extended lunar landings | Cancelled to free one Saturn V to launch Skylab and to cut costs |
Project Apollo Boilerplate Tests NTRS search: Apollo boilerplate documents available online
| Flight | Launch Vehicle & Spacecraft |
Site | Date | Mission | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PA-1 Wikipedia |
Escape Tower (LES) NASA documents: LES Experience Report BP-6 NASA documents: BP-6 Description Manual |
White Sands |
1963 11 07 | (a) Determine aerodynamic stability characteristics of the
Apollo escape configuration during a pad abort. (b) Demonstrate the capability of the escape system to propel a command module to a safe distance from a launch vehicle during a pad abort. (c) Demonstrate launch-escape timing sequence. (d) Demonstrate proper operation of the launch-escape tower release device. (e) Demonstrate proper operation of the tower jettison and pitch-control motors. (f) Demonstrate earth-landing timing sequence and proper operation of the parachute subsystem of the earth-landing system. |
(a) The Apollo escape configuration was stable during the pad-abort flight... the vehicle stability was less than predicted during the powered phase of flight. (b) The cormmand module at apogee exceeded the minimum altitude and range for a pad abort by approximately 970 feet & 1,529 feet. (c) The launch-escape timing sequence was demonstrated to be adequate for a pad-abort mission. (d) The escape-tower released cleanly and at the proper time with little effect on spacecraft motions. (e) The pitch-control motor produced the predicted initial spacecraft motions... The tower-jettison motor satisfactorily jettisoned the tower. (f) The earth-landing timing sequence was demonstrated to be adequate for a pad-abort mission. The parachute subsystem performed as required... NASA documents: Apollo PA-1 Postlaunch Report PA-1 Photo Montage |
| A-001 Wikipedia |
Little Joe II BP-12 NASA documents: BP-12 Description Manual |
White Sands |
1964 05 13 | Transonic Abort (High Dynamic Pressure Abort) |
All 1st-order test objectives and two of the three 2nd-ordertest objectives were satisfied. Unsatisfied 2nd-order test objective: Demonstrate proper operation of the applicable components of the earth-landing subsystem. During the deployment of the three main parachutes, a parachute riser chafed against a simulated reaction-control subsystem motor and drogue disconnect guide assembly (horsecollar). The riser subsequently broke after main parachute line stretch, and the command module descended safely to the ground on the two remaining main parachutes. NASA documents: Apollo A-001 Postlaunch Report 309 pages |
| A-101 AS-101 SA-6 Wikipedia |
Saturn I SA-6 NASA documents: Postflight Trajectory BP-13 NASA documents: BP-13 Description Manual |
KSC |
1964 05 28 | First flight of Saturn launch vehicle with Apollo boilerplate spacecraft NASA documents: A-101 Mission Directive SA-6 Telemetry System photo: Von Braun, Mueller & Rees at Launch |
After launch, one of the eight first-stage H-1 engines shut off 24 seconds early, but the remaining seven engines burned an additional two seconds to compensate, and the guidance system corrected for course deviations... Telemetry was obtained from 106 measurements until end of battery life on the fourth orbit. Eight movie cameras mounted on the Saturn I recorded propulsion and fuel operations, were ejected, and recovered. The spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 1 June 1964 on its 54th orbit. NASA documents: Apollo A-101 Postlaunch Report 217 pages Manned Space Flight Network Analysis NTRS search: SA-6 - A-101 |
| A-102 AS-102 SA-7 Wikipedia |
Saturn I SA-7 BP-15 NASA documents: BP-15 Description Manual |
KSC |
1964 09 18 | To demonstrate the compatibility of the spacecraft with the launch vehicle, to determine the launch and exit environmental parameters for design verification, and to demonstrate the alternate mode of escape-tower jettison, utilizing the launch-escape and pitch-control motors. |
All mission test objectives were fulfilled by the time of orbital insertion, and additional data were obtained by telemetry through the Manned Space Flight Network until the end of effective battery life during the fourth orbital pass. Radar skin tracking was continued by the network until the spacecraft reentered over the Indian Ocean during its 59th orbital pass. One of the boilerplate SM RCS quads carried thermocouples to verify that system could withstand launch aerodynamic heating, but data was discarded because BP RCS unlike flight hardware and test thermocouples not right for purpose. Tested again on SA-8 & SA-10. NASA documents: Apollo A-102 Postlaunch Report 331 pages |
| A-002 Wikipedia |
Little Joe II BP-23 |
White Sands |
1964 12 08 | Maximum Dynamic Pressure Abort |
To demonstrate capability of the launch escape system in the maximum dynamic pressure region of the Saturn trajectory with conditions approximating the altitude limit at which the Saturn emergency detection system would signal an abort. |
| A-103 AS-103 SA-9 Wikipedia |
Saturn I SA-9 NASA documents: Postflight Trajectory BP-16 NASA documents: BP-16 Specification Pegasus A |
KSC |
1965 02 16 | The SA-9 mission was the first Saturn with an operational payload, the meteoroid detection satellite Pegasus A. |
Apollo/Saturn Space Vehicle SA-9, fourth of six Saturn I Block II vehicles, was launched at 0937
EST on February 16, 1965, from Pad 37B at Cape
Kennedy. All test objectives were successfully
accomplished. The S-IV stage, IU, and the Apollo
spacecraft were injected into a near-earth orbit.
The Pegasus A payload, installed in the Service
Module... functioned as a
micrometeoroid measurement system as planned. NASA documents: SA-9 Firing Test Report SA-9 Vehicle & Launch Comp. Functional Descrip. v VIII H-1 Engine v I RP-1 Fuel System - v II LOX System v IX RL-10A3 Engine - v III LH2 System NTRS search: SA-9 |
| A-003 Wikipedia |
Little Joe II 12-51-2 BP-22 |
White Sands |
1965 05 19 | plan: High altitiude abort (a) To demonstrate launch escape vehicle performance at an altitude approximating the upper limit for the canard subsystem. (b) To demonstrate orientation of the launch escape vehicle to a "main heat shield forward" attitude after abort. NASA documents: A-003 Mission Directive |
actual: Low altitude abort The purpose of Apollo Mission A-003 (BP-22) was to demonstrate the high-altitude abort capability of the Apollo launch escape vehicle. However owing to breakup of the Little Joe II launch vehicle, abort occurred earlier than planned. The launch escape vehicle demonstrated its capability of escaping from an unscheduled catastrophic launch vehicle breakup. NASA documents: Flight Test Report Boilerplate 22 NTRS search: A-003 |
| A-104 AS-104 SA-8 Wikipedia |
Saturn I SA-8 BP-26 NASA documents: BP-26 Specification Pegasus B |
KSC |
1965 05 25 | Micrometeoroid Experiment and Service Module RCS |
SA-8 was the fifth flight test of the Saturn I, Block II vehicle, which
includes an active S-IV stage. This was the second flight test with a
micrometeoroid experiment, Pegasus B. In addition, this was the
fourth flight test with the adaptive guidance in closed loop during the
S-IV powered phase. Boilerplate SM was fitted with a single RCS quad A engine package (engine housing and four engines). The internal components of the quad were not installed. Twelve thermocouples were installed to verify the capability of the engines to withstand aerodynamic heating during launch. NASA documents: SA-8 Postflight Trajectory SA-8 Flight Test Data Report SA-8 to SA-10 Electrical Power and SysInt NTRS search: SA-8 |
| PA-2 Wikipedia |
escape tower only BP-23A NASA documents: BP-23A Specification |
White Sands |
1965 06 29 | To demonstrate the capability
of the launch escape tower, with a canard subsystem
and boost protective cover, to abort from the launch pad and recover. NASA documents: PA-2 Mission Directive |
The objectives of Apollo Mission PA-2, the second pad abort, were
successfully accomplished with the unmanned test vehicle, Boilerplate 23A,
equipped with the Block I type launch escape subsystem {LES). The primary
purpose of the mission was to verify vehicle performance in a pad abort
when the vehicle configuration included Block I control weight, a canard subsystem,
a boost protective cover, and an apex-cover jettison subsystem.
The Boilerplate 23A test vehicle, refurbished Boilerplate 23, was
successfully launched on schedule, without checkout or countdown holds,
from Launch Complex 36 at White Sands Missile Range with liftoff at
06.00:01.448 MST June 29, 1965. Boilerplate 23-A Flight Test Report |
| A-105 AS-105 SA-10 Wikipedia |
Saturn I SA-10 BP-9A Pegasus C |
KSC |
1965 07 30 | A successful flight- will
insert the spent S-IV stage and payload consisting of an Apollo boilerplate
(BP-9) and a Meteoroid Technology Satellite (Pegasus C) into a
535 km circular orbit. NASA documents: SA-10 Flight Mechanical Summary |
SA-10 was the sixth and last flight test of the Saturn I, Block II
vehicle which includes an active S-IV stage. This was the third flight
test with a Pegasus micrometeorold experiment. In addition, this was
the fifth flight test with guidance in closed loop during the S-IV
powered flight. Boilerplate SM was fitted with a single RCS quad A engine package (engine housing and four engines). The internal components of the quad were not installed. Twelve thermocouples were installed to verify the capability of the engines to withstand aerodynamic heating during launch. NASA documents: SA-10 Postflight Trajectory SA-10 SA-10 NTRS search: SA-10 |
| A-004 Wikipedia |
Little Joe II CSM-002 |
White Sands |
1965 05 19 | Power on tumbling boundary abort |
Apollo spacecraft 002 was of a modified Block I type configuration... This was the first completed mission of a two-stage Little Joe II launch vehicle, and the first second-stage application of Algol motors. 1st- and 2nd-stage ignition occurred as planned... Command module-service module separation at abort initiation was satisfactory although the main heat shield suffered limited blast damage from the pyrotechnic cutting of the tension ties... The power-on tumbling boundary abort showed the satisfactory performance of the launch-escape vehicle and also the structural integrity of the launch-escape vehicle airframe structure. NASA documents: A-004 Postlaunch Report NTRS search: A-004 |
Early Apollo Concepts (Direct Ascent)
Martin Apollo Configurations - June 1961Apollo General Dynamics Proposal 1961
Apollo Lunar Module NTRS search: Apollo LM documents online (84)
...The LEM LIFE Magazine March 14, 1969The Moon Landing "Spider" by Wernher von Braun Popular Science May, 1969
LM-5 Structures is a 61-page .pdf with drawings and descriptions of the structures of the Lunar Module, specifically detailing the Eagle LM used in the Apollo 11 lunar landing.
LMA790-1, Lunar Excursion Module Familiarization Manual
LMA790-2, Lunar Module LM-10 Through LM-14
Vehicle Familiarization Manual
LMA790-3-LM, Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module:
Subsystems Data - Operational Procedures
Apollo Lunar Module Landing Gear 1972
A study of lunar module navigation systems accuracies for powered decent, ascent, and aborts. Project Apoll
Lunar module 7, 8, and 9 elementary functional diagrams
Lunar module 10 and sub elementary functional diagrams
Simulator study of pilot control over the lunar module during ascent from the lunar surface by using visual guidance cues 1968
Lunar module pilot control considerations
Apollo experience report: Lunar module reaction control system 1972
Lunar Module SpaceCraft Assembly & Test, Grumman Bethpage - LM Systems
Field Guide to American Spacecraft: Lunar Modules
Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle
Lunar Roving Vehicle is a 14-page .pdf with drawings and descriptions of the Lunar Rover used during the Apollo 17 lunar explorations.Lunar Rover Operations Handbook
Lunar Roving Vehicle: Historical Origins, Development, and Deployment
LRV Handcontroller Design Approval
Navigation System of the Lunar Roving Vehicle
ALSJ Rover Links
Apollo Command Module and Service Module
North American Aviation Apollo CSM News Reference H (Apollo 12 type) MissionsCSM 104 (Apollo 9) Command and Service Module Systems Handbook
Apollo Operations Handbook, Block II: Spacecraft
Virtual Apollo Guidance Computer Document Library
Apollo Human Centrifuge Program Summary 1964, 76 pages
Field Guide to American Spacecraft: Apollo CM/CSMs
Saturn V, Saturn IB, and Saturn I: Apollo Launch Vehicles
MSFC-MAN-507, Saturn V Flight Manual, SA-507Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles, SP-4206 (1996), describes the development of the Saturn I, IB, and V launch vehicles that carried the Apollo spacecraft.
Saturn Illustrated Chronology .pdf
Saturn SA-3 flight evaluation
Saturn V Apollo Launch Operations Plan March 1963 by Rocco A. Petrone
Vehicle Assembly Building Fact Sheet 1966
Crawler Transporter Steering and Jel Systems 1975 by V. L. Davis
Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations SP-4204 (1978) .pdf version
History of the F-1 Rocket Engine by Robert Biggs, Rocketdyne F-1 Lead Engineer
F-1 Rocket Engine Familiarization Manual 17 MB .pdf
F-1 Rocket Engine Illustrated Parts Breakdown 292 page .pdf
Maintenance Plan for Saturn F-1, H-1 and J-2 Rocket Engines
J-2 Rocket Engine Maintenance and Repair 194 page .pdf
Apollo TV
Apollo TV 12 MB .pdfApollo Unified S-Band System NASA TM-X-55492 .pdf
Lunar TV Camera: Statement of Work (Final Draft) NASA/MSC, 15 August 1966
Apollo Lunar Television Camera: Operations Manual Westinghouse 1968
More Apollo TV links from the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
NASA History, Space Exploration History
The NASA History Office has countless pages of history information and images to view, accessible from this subject listing page, or keyword searchable.Project Apollo
ApolloSaturn.com is a very nice independent reference to the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicles that took men to the moon. The Apollo Program from the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, is an online exhibit covering the entire Apollo lunar landing program. And The Project Apollo Archive is a similar site, with a large archive of nice photos.
The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal covers all lunar landing missions, with links to most of the best materials available, including photos and .pdf files. Apollo Mission Traverse Maps from the USGS show the EVA paths from Apollo 11, 12, 14, and 15.
The Virtual Apollo Guidance Computer Document Library includes links to downloadable .pdfs of original Apollo flight plans, Gemini and Apollo Familiarization Manuals, Crew Debriefings, and many other interesting documents.
S/CAT Remembered is a site about the Grumman factory and team that built the Apollo Lunar Modules, including photos of LM construction. Also see NorthropGrumman's Lunar Module 15th Anniversary page.
A Field Guide to American Spacecraft shows the current locations (or states the final disposition) of most US spacecraft, including Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft, boilerplates, trainers, Lunar Modules, etc., plus X-15s and more. For example, the Lunar Module built for cancelled Apollo 18 is at the Cradle of Aviation Museum, Mitchell Field, Long Island, NY, and the LM for cancelled Apollo 20 was scrapped (how dumb can they be?). But whatever happened to the LM for cancelled Apollo 19 is unknown.
My Little Space Museum has good photos of and info about Apollo lunar spacesuits, the cancelled Soviet manned moon landing program, and more.
The Mission Transcript Collection in .pdf format
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The Mission Transcript Collection "The Mission Transcript Collection: US Human Spaceflight Missions from Mercury Redstone 3 to Apollo 17", is the online access to CD-ROMs (no longer available) containing full transcripts (in .pdf format) from every manned space flight from the first Mercury mission to the final Apollo mission. This is almost 45,000 pages of presumably uncensored text, from both air to ground transmissions and onboard voice recorders. The original URL for this material went dead a couple years ago, but is now online at a new address. |
NASA Books (NASA Special Publications) & NASA Articles Online
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Some of the books below are Adobe .pdf files, which are nice for reading materials offline. If you would like to read NASA's .html online books, like most of those below, when you are offline, you can "harvest" the pages and images for free using HTTrack, a very useful freeware website capture and offline browsing tool. HTTrack also works well with groups of .pdf files linked to from a page or directory. | ||
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Skylab Books Skylab: A Chronology SP-4011 (1977) Skylab: Our First Space Station SP-400 (1977) Skylab: A Guidebook EP-107 Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab SP-4208 (1978) .pdf Skylab: Classroom in Space SP-401 (1977) Skylab's Astronomy and Space Sciences SP-404 (1979) A New Sun: The Solar Results from Skylab SP-402 (1979) MSFC-MAN-206, Skylab Saturn IB Flight Manual. CSM 116-119, Skylab Command Service Module Systems Handbook Saturn 5 Flight Report, SA-513, Skylab 1 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Books The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project SP-4209 (1978) | ||